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Symptoms of hpa axis dysfunction4/9/2023 Depressive symptoms were assessed from wave 1 (2002–03) to wave 8 (2016–17). The data came from a large sample of older adults from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. ![]() In the current study, we investigated the associations of hair cortisol and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) with the longitudinal persistence and dimensions (cognitive-affective versus somatic) of depressive symptoms over a 14-year period using Trait‐State‐Occasion (TSO) structural equation modelling. Furthermore, most longitudinal research to date has focused on transient rather than persistent depressive symptoms. This could be attributed to a differential role of such biological systems in somatic versus cognitive-affective depressive symptoms which remains largely unexplored. ![]() Although meta-analyses have confirmed this relationship, there is considerable variability in the effect sizes across studies. ![]() Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis hyperactivity and inflammation are thought to be prominent in the aetiology of depression.
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